We begin with saying that the infinite concept is not at all friendly in the branch of the mathematics that regards more gives to us near, that is theoretical computer science. Such concept, for we, is always introduced to braccetto with that one of impossible , that is not computable , that it is the disliked expression more in absolute for whichever computer science one, in relation to a particular problem.
E' easy to become account of how much over considering the object centers them of all the efforts of theorists, analysts and programmatori, that is the fundamental definition of algorithm:
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Algorithm is defined an ended sequence of steps second executes an ended number of rules and explicit operations, than from with of they give in entrance X produces one to you with of give to you in Y escape (in terms works them, draft of an application that goes from X in Y). |
This function, for being useful, must be computable : a
method must exist through which it is possible to describe of to all the single
values. It appears clearly therefore that the computazione cannot demand an
infinite number of steps (in such case would have an algorithm that never
does not finish ), and not even, perhaps thinner consideration, can
infinitely demand a number of rules and/or operations for its
development. Following the intuition supplied from this last affirmation, Böhm
and Jacopini they have demonstrated a most important theorem, according to which
whichever algorithm can be implemented through a language simplified that
supports only sequences and cycles with precondition of type "While"
(Theorem of Böhm-Jacopini on the espressività of the programming
languages).
Here therefore that it revives meaningfully important of
theoretical computer science are dedicated to the transformation of successions
and infinite procedures of calculation in series ended of steps discreet, that
they can supply turns out to you partial and/or approximations. Amusing and easy
fruibili examples, in so far as, are the algorithms for the calculation del'
n-esima number of pigreco, for i-esimo the term of successions like that one of
Fibonacci without approximation, or also the simple not ricorsivo algorithm for
the calculation of factorial of giant numbers... the this last banal example
leads us to one ulterior consideration: apparently banal problems and well-known
in the dominion of the ended one can produce, in almost unexpected way for the
profane ones, times of computazione not infinites, but dangerously advanced to
the expectation of average life of a human being (or the entire solar system, to
times...).
Naturally, if the infinite is put to the door, its tightened
relatives more - the infinitesimal ones - are sure in a position to ring-enter
from the symbolic window (every reference to systems operated to you existing
and products to Redmond are absolutely accidental:-)): the algorithmic
optimum, in fact, would be the execution in times null, or realistically tending
to zero . Also here, but, the times (ended) of execution of the single
instructions on the physical processors theoretically constitute a invalicabile
limit towards the most pushed jam of the times of elaboration. Ulterior ties
exist however also, of theoretical nature, that they ulteriorly limit the
possibility to find the algorithm in faster absolute for a data problem, or one
entire category of problems.
Cionondimeno, the search of the faster
algorithm in absolute, or at least of the relative efficiency to the inside
of a pool of solutions ended and very famous, for a determined problem,
remains one of the fundamental, let alone more arduous tasks, of computer
science, and constitutes the primitivo nucleus of science
of the optimization .
Part from the intuitiva consideration that, of norm, an
algorithm must be able to elaborate the own ones is given supplying turns out to
you to you in reasonable times : an algorithm that employed a billion of
years in order to calculate the amount of your social pension would not be at
all efficient, if the obvious advantage brought to the cases of the INAIL is
excluded: -).
To teoretico level, but we are not interested to having to
write a specific algorithm for every problem (like instead happens in practical
operating and the approach the classic): it is much more productive interesting
and to operate to a metalivello, than it concurs us of dealing widths classes of
problems, from which eventually deriving algorithmic shapes ad hoc. Orbene, is
demonstrated (from Blum, in the famous theorem of the Speed-up) that very many
problems exist for which does not exist the faster algorithm.
You
console yourselves: for problems of the sort not computable sequence of
impossible algorithms exists always one, of dimensions and increasing
complexities.
In any case, it is very famous in computer science that an
immense class of problems can be described in terms of specific forms them (wide
and an interesting territory, that it previews also specific languages like Z,
Scheme, MZ, RZ) in the following way:
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Given specific formal f (logical, mathematical, the symbolic one in kind, but not necessarily algorithmic ) of a problem employee from more parameters in X, the faster algorithm is attempted that of it calculates the solution in Y, that is is wanted to be constructed the algorithm that it calculates the function f : X --> Y. |
The more modern teoretico approach stretches to only consider
algorithms that resolve a data problem with time low limit (constrained
algorithms), that it constitutes already a problem of optimization, obviously
traslato to the metalivello computazionale of generation of the same
algorithms.
Taking in consideration quickly computable algorithms single
, and working in asymptotic class, M. Hutter is successful to propose the
faster asymptotic algorithm in order to resolve every problem f very defined
. That it moves the terms of the problem on the corrected definition of the
specific one f , obviously, even if this represents a trattabile problem,
and above all modification the attributes of the NP-arduous and NP-complete
problems very you do not notice, representing however an optimal progress in
field theoretical (and obviously applicativo) in the theory of the
computabilità.
Wanting to close with one (easy) battered one, it could be
said that a infinitesimale step is completed in order to go away from the
phantom of the infinite computazione...
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